Construction Crane Safety

Hazards at construction sites can change quickly, putting employees who operate or work around cranes at risk for serious injuries. In fact, crane accidents kill an average of 42 workers annually. The main causes of injury are electrocution, falls, being crushed by equipment, and being struck by equipment or load.

Employers who use power-operated equipment to hoist, lower or horizontally move a suspended load in construction work must comply with OSHA's standard on Cranes & Derricks in Construction (1926 Subpart CC).

Crane Operator Safety Responsibilities

Crane operators are responsible for operations under their direct control. If job safety is questionable, the operator is authorized to stop all hoisting activities and refuse to handle loads until safety concerns are addressed.

Crane Operator Certification Requirements

Crane operators must be certified by one of the following:

• Accredited testing organization
• Employer qualification program
• U.S. military
• State/Local government license

Riggers and signal persons must also meet training and qualification requirements.

Assembly and Disassembly of Construction Cranes

Follow manufacturer's procedures and OSHA standards when assembling or disassembling cranes. Position employees to minimize exposure to the crane's unintended movement or collapse.

A competent, qualified assembly/disassembly (A/D) director should review the procedures and make sure each member of the crew understands each task and the potential hazards prior to beginning work.

Tower cranes are subject to additional requirements for erecting, climbing and dismantling, including a pre-erection inspection.

Construction Crane Inspection

Visually inspect cranes before they are used in construction activities. Inspectors should evaluate the following:

• Proper function of all control mechanisms
• Excessive wear of control and drive mechanism, including contamination by lubricants, water or foreign material
• Safety devices, including but not limited to boom-angle indicators, boom stops, boom kickout devices and any load moment indicators
• Deterioration or leakage of air, hydraulic and other pressurized lines, especially those that flex during operation
• Deformation, chemical damage, cracks or wear of hooks and latches
• Proper hydraulic system fluid levels
• Proper tire condition and inflation
• Ground conditions around the hoisting equipment for proper support (using manufacturer's specifications), ground settling under and around outriggers, and groundwater accumulation or similar conditions
• Level positioning of hoisting equipment
• Rigging (by a qualified rigger)
• Qualifications of the worker selected to signal the crane
• Proximity of power lines—conduct a power line hazard assessment if needed; if the inspection reveals any hazard, remove the hoisting equipment from service until the hazards are corrected

Working Under Loads

• Preplan routes for suspended loads to prevent employees from working directly below a suspended load, except for those who handle the load
• Clear the travel path for the loads, including inside a building, if the crane is hoisting to the roof to prevent picking over people
• Rig hoisted materials to prevent unintentional displacement
• Use hooks with self-closing safety latches or the equivalent to prevent components from slipping out of the hook

Crane Safety Training

Train employees on safe crane operations and potential hazards in construction activities that apply to their respective roles. Include the following topics:

• Power line safety
• Approach and path distances of the crane
• Crush/pinch point hazards
• Stop work authority
• Tagout for repair
• Steel erection eTool – cranes
• Crane, derrick and hoist safety
• Rigging and signaling