Workplace Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) and Symptoms

According to data obtained by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (often referred to as MSDs) account for 30 percent of lost workdays in the United States each year, as of 2020. These disorders also account for one out of every three dollars spent on workers’ compensation.

To reduce the frequency and severity of MSDs in the workplace, it is important to have knowledge about some of the most common MSDs and their symptoms. Only then can you begin to take steps to reduce the likelihood of employees developing MSDs.

What are Musculoskeletal Disorders?

Musculoskeletal disorders include a group of conditions that affect the muscles, nerves, ligaments, joints and spinal discs. They represent a wide range of disorders, which can differ in severity from mild periodic symptoms to severe chronic and debilitating conditions. Some types of MSDs include:

• Tendonitis

• Rotator cuff tendonitis

• Epicondylitis (commonly called “tennis elbow”)

• De Quervain’s Syndrome

• Trigger finger syndrome

• Nerve compression syndromes

• Carpal tunnel syndrome

• Low back disorders

• Lumbar disc syndrome

• Raynaud’s syndrome

• Vibration white finger

Musculoskeletal disorders may also be referred to as repetitive strain injuries, repetitive motion disorders, cumulative trauma disorders and overuse syndromes. MSDs can occur to all parts of the body, but most commonly affect the back, neck, shoulders and upper limbs.

Musculoskeletal disorders occur in every industry; however, the occupations with the highest incidence of MSDs include: policing, nursing, truck drivers, laborers, material movers, janitors and construction workers.

What Causes Musculoskeletal Disorders?

A great deal of research has been conducted to identify workplace conditions that contribute to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. The research indicates that MSDs usually develop as a result of employee exposure to ergonomic risk factors.

Signs and Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Musculoskeletal disorders can cause severe and debilitating problems, such as:

• Decreased range of motion or grip strength

• Loss of function of a body part

• Pain, numbness and tingling

• Cramping, stiffness or loss of dexterity

• Reduced worker productivity

• Absenteeism or extended lost time from work

• Temporary or permanent disability

• Inability to perform job tasks

• Increase in workers’ compensation costs

Can Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Be Prevented?

The best way to prevent the development of MSDs is to implement and maintain an effective workplace ergonomics program. This includes observing jobs for the presence of risk factors, making improvements to reduce or eliminate the risk factors and treating employees who are showing symptoms.

Using the Hierarchy of Hazard Control to Reduce Workplace MSDs

Using the hierarchy of hazard control can help reduce MSD injuries as well as help you find the best solutions to safety hazards.

The most effective solution is always at the top of the hierarchy list. If the top-level solutions won’t work, move down the list until you find an appropriate fix. The end result may include options from several levels. Follow this order as you seek solutions:

1. Elimination: Physically remove the hazard
2. Substitution: Replace the hazard
3. Engineering controls: Isolate workers from the hazard
4. Administrative controls: Change the way employees work
5. Personal protective equipment: Provide workers with PPE